GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Lecture XX. Mountains
| A) Orogenesis | B) Isostasy |
| C) Types of Mountains |
Figure 20.1 Mountain belts and shields of the Earth.
Figure 20.2 Bathmetry of the Indian Ocean.
Figure 20.3 Isostasy models made by floating wooden blocks in water demonstrate the Pratt hypothesis in (a), and Airy hypothesis in (b). A schematic diagram of crustal thicknesses is shown in (c). (from The Changing Earth - Introduction to Geology (2nd ed.), by Mears, Jr., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1977).
Figure 20.4 Erosion and isostatic adjustment.
- Volcanic (e.g., Cascade Range)
Figure 20.5 Schematic origin of volcanic mountains.
Figure 20.6 Aerial view of Three Sisters Peaks which are volcanic mountains in central OR.
Figure 20.7 Volcanic mountains of Guatemala make up part of the Pacific's "Ring of Fire".
Figure 20.8 Submarine volcanic mountain being born near Vistmann, Iceland (Surtsey, 18 Nov. 63).
- Fault-Block (e.g., Basin and Range; Teton Range, Sierra Nevada)
Figure 20.9 Schematic origin of fault block mountains.
Figure 20.10 Grand Tetons from Jackson Lake Lodge (WY) are examples of fault block mountains.
Figure 20.11 Grand Tetons uplifted along normal fault behind Jackson Lake, WY.
- Upwarped (e.g., Black Hills; Adirondacks; Big Horns)
Figure 20.12 Schematic origin of upwarped mountains.
Figure 20.13 "Hog backs" looking north along edge of Colorado Front Ranges west of Boulder, CO.
- Folded (e.g., Alps; Urals, Himalayas, Appalachians)
Figure 20.14 Schematic structures of folded mountain belts.
Figure 20.15 Heaven's Peak (MT) - typical gravity fold from uplift.
Figure 20.16 Kabir Range of Zagros Mountains - a folded mountain complex southeast of Iraq and southwest of Iran.
Figure 20.17 Structure of folded mountain belt - satellite view of southern Iran.
Figure 20.18 Deformation of a folded mountain belt (Appalachian Mountains).
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